Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are pathological shunts between the carotid artery and cavernous sinus. They are a devastating cause of visual loss, periocular disfigurement and orbital symptoms.
Carotid cavernous fistulas are abnormal communications between the carotid artery or its branches and the cavernous sinus. It can be traumatic or spontaneous. The widely accepted treatment is by ...
A case of a solitary, thoracic, extradural, extraforaminal cavernous haemangioma causing a chronic neuralgia syndrome is presented. In the spectrum of spinal axis cavernous malformations, extradural ...