2023年10月22日 · Confounding variables are variables that ‘confound’ (meaning to confuse) the data in a study. In scholarly terms, we say that they are extraneous variables that correlate (positively or negatively) with both the dependent variable and the independent variable (Scharrer & Ramasubramanian, 2021).

2020年5月29日 · A confounding variable, also called a confounder or confounding factor, is a third variable in a study examining a potential cause-and-effect relationship. A confounding variable is related to both the supposed cause and the supposed effect of the study.

Confounding is often referred to as a “mixing of effects” 1,2 wherein the effects of the exposure under study on a given outcome are mixed in with the effects of an additional factor (or set of factors) resulting in a distortion of the true relationship.

Confounding is defined in terms of the data generating model. Let X be some independent variable, and Y some dependent variable. To estimate the effect of X on Y, the statistician must suppress the effects of extraneous variables that influence both X and Y.

2021年2月19日 · Confounding variable: A variable that is not included in an experiment, yet affects the relationship between the two variables in an experiment. This type of variable can confound the results of an experiment and lead to unreliable findings.

2020年9月15日 · A confounding variable is a variable that influences both the independent variable and dependent variable and leads to a false correlation between them. A confounding variable is also called a confounder, confounding factor, or lurking variable. Because confounding variables often exist in experiments, correlation does not mean causation.

2024年3月26日 · A confounding variable is an external factor that influences both the independent variable (cause) and the dependent variable (effect) in a study, potentially creating a false or misleading association.

2008年2月1日 · Confounding, sometimes referred to as confounding bias, is mostly described as a ‘mixing’ or ‘blurring’ of effects. 1 It occurs when an investigator tries to determine the effect of an exposure on the occurrence of a disease (or other outcome), but then actually measures the effect of another factor, a confounding variable.

2023年7月31日 · A confounding variable in psychology is an extraneous factor that interferes with the relationship between an experiment’s independent and dependent variables. It’s not the variable of interest but can influence the outcome, leading to inaccurate conclusions about the relationship being studied.

2024年1月17日 · Confounding variables, also referred to as confounders or lurking variables, are the variables that affect the cause and outcome of a study. However, they are not the variables of primary interest. They serve as an unmeasured third variable that acts as an extraneous factor.